85. Presumption as to powers of attorney. The Court shall presume that every document purporting to be a power-of-attorney, and to have been executed before, and authenticated by, a Notary Public, or any Court, Judge, Magistrate, Indian Consul or Vice-Consul, or representative of the Central Government, was so executed andKEEP READING
85A. Presumption as to electronic agreements. The Court shall presume that every electronic record purporting to be an agreement containing the electronic signatures of the parties was so concluded by affixing the electronic signature of the parties. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act eachKEEP READING
85B. Presumption as to electronic records and digital signatures. (1)In any proceedings involving a secure electronic record, the Court shall presume unless contrary is proved, that the secure electronic record has not been altered since the specific point of time to which the secure status relates. (2) In any proceedings,KEEP READING
85C. Presumption as to Digital Signature Certificates. The Court shall presume, unless contrary is proved, that the information listed in a Electronic Signature Certificate is correct, except for information specified as subscriber information which has not been verified, if the certificate was accepted by the subscriber. Read Indian Evidence ActKEEP READING
86. Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial records. The Court may presume that any document purporting to be a certified copy of any judicial record of any country not forming part of India or of Her Majesty’s dominions is genuine and accurate, if the document purports to beKEEP READING
87. Presumption as to Books, Maps and Charts. The Court may presume that any book to which it may refer for information on matters of public or general interest, and that any published map or chart, the statements of which are relevant facts, and which is produced for its inspection,KEEP READING
88. Presumption as to Telegraphic Messages. The Court may presume that a message, forwarded from a telegraph office to the person to whom such message purports to be addressed, corresponds with a message delivered for transmission at the office from which the message purports to be sent; but the CourtKEEP READING
88A. Presumption as to electronic messages. The Court may presume that an electronic message, forwarded by the originator through an electronic mail server to the addressee to whom the message purports to be addressed corresponds with the message as fed into his computer for transmission; but the Court shall notKEEP READING
89. Presumption as to due execution etc., of documents not produced. The Court shall presume that every document, called for and not produced after notice to produce, was attested, stamped and executed in the manner required by law. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence ActKEEP READING
90. Presumption as to documents thirty years old. Where any document, purporting or proved to be thirty years old, is produced from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may presume that the signature and every other part of such document, which purports toKEEP READING
90A. Presumption as to electronic records five years old. Where any electronic record, purporting or proved to be five years old, is produced from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may presume that the digital signature which purports to be the digital signatureKEEP READING
91. Evidence of terms of contracts, grant and other dispositions of property reduced to form of documents. When the terms of a contract, or of a grant, or of any other disposition of property have been reduced to the form of a document, and in all cases in which anyKEEP READING
92. Exclusion of evidence of oral agreement. When the terms of any such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or any matter required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, have been proved according to the last section, no evidence of any oral agreement orKEEP READING
93. Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous document. When the language used in a document is, on its face, ambiguous or defective, evidence may not be given of facts which would show its meaning or supply its defects. Illustrations- (a) A agrees, in writing, to sell a horse toKEEP READING
94. Exclusion of evidence against application of document of existing facts. When language used in a document is plain in itself, and when it applies accurately to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such facts. Illustrations- A sells toKEEP READING
95. Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing facts. When language used in a document is plain in itself, but is unmeaning in reference to existing facts, evidence may be given to show that it was used in a peculiar sense. Illustration- A sells to B, by deedKEEP READING
