WritingLaw (Page 224)

53. In criminal cases, previous good character relevant. In criminal proceedings the fact that the person accused is of good character, is relevant. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.KEEP READING

53A. Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases. In the prosecution for an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376AB*, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA*, section 376DB* or section 376E of theKEEP READING

54. Previous bad character not relevant except in reply. In criminal proceedings the fact that the accused person had a bad character is irrelevant, unless evidence has been given that he has a character in which case it becomes relevant. Explanation 1- This section does not apply to cases inKEEP READING

55. Character as affecting damages. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive is relevant.  Explanation- In Section 52, 53, 54 and 55, the word “character” includes both reputation and disposition; but exceptKEEP READING

56. Fact Judicially noticeable need not be proved. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved. Comments: Judicial Notice of fact that many blind persons have acquired great academic distinctions can be taken by court. Related Case- Jai Shankar Prasad v. State of Bihar, 1993 ReadKEEP READING

57. Facts of which Court must take judicial notice. The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts- 1- All laws in force in the territory of India. 2- All public Acts passed or hereafter to be passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, and all local and personal Acts directedKEEP READING

58. Facts admitted need not be proved. No fact need to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleadingKEEP READING

59. Proof of facts by oral evidence. All facts, except the contents of documents or electronic records may be proved by oral evidence. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.KEEP READING

60. Oral evidence must be direct. Oral evidence must, in all cases whatever, be direct; that is to say- If it refers to a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says who says he saw it; If it refers to a fact whichKEEP READING

61. Proof of contents of documents. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence. Comment: (a) A man may lie but a document will never lie. Related Case- Afzauddin Ansari v. State of West Bengal, 1997 (b) Admission of a document amounts to admission ofKEEP READING

62. Primary evidence. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court. Explanation 1- Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document.  Where a document is executed in counterparts, each counterpart being executed by one or some ofKEEP READING

63. Secondary Evidence. Secondary evidence means and includes- 1. Certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained. 2. Copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves insure the accuracy of the copy and copies compared with such copies. 3. Copies made from or compared with the original.KEEP READING

64. Proof of documents by primary evidence. Documents must be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.KEEP READING

65. Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be given. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition or contents of a document in the following cases- (a) When the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power– of the person against whomKEEP READING

65A. Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record. The contents of electronic records may be proved in accordance with the provisions of section 65B. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way. Read Evidence Act each section wise. Download beautiful, colourful PDF for Evidence Act.KEEP READING

65B. Admissibility of electronic records. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any information contained in an electronic record which is printed on a paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media produced by a computer (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to beKEEP READING