WritingLaw (Page 223)

39. What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers. When any statement of which evidence is given forms part of a longer statement, or of a conversation or part of an isolated document, or is contained inKEEP READING

40. Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial. The existence of any judgment, order or decree which by law prevents any court from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial, is a relevant fact when the question is, whether such Court ought to take cognizanceKEEP READING

41. Relevancy of certain judgments in probate etc., jurisdiction. A final judgment, order or decree of a Competent Court, in exercise of probate, matrimonial, admiralty or insolvency jurisdiction, which confers upon or to take away from any person any legal character, or which declares any person to be entitled toKEEP READING

42. Relevancy and effect of judgment, order or decrees, other than those mentioned in Section 41. Judgments, orders or decrees other than those mentioned in Section 41, are relevant if they relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the inquiry; but such judgments, orders or decrees are notKEEP READING

43. Judgment etc, other than those mentioned in Section 40 to 42 when relevant.  Judgments, orders or decrees other than those mentioned in Sections 40, 41 and 42, are irrelevant, unless the existence of such judgment, order or decree is a fact in issue, or is relevant, under some otherKEEP READING

44. Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetence of Court may be proved. Any party to a suit or other proceeding may show that any judgment, order or decree which is relevant under Section 40, 41 or 42 and which has been proved by the adverse party, was deliveredKEEP READING

45. Opinions of experts. When the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, or of science, or art, or as to identity of hand writing or finger-impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign law, science or art, or inKEEP READING

45A. Opinion of Examiner of electronic evidence. When in a proceeding, the court has to form an opinion on any matter relating to any information transmitted or stored in any computer resource or any other electronic or digital form, the opinion of the examiner of electronic evidence referred to inKEEP READING

46. Facts bearing upon opinions of experts. Facts, not otherwise relevant, are relevant if they support or are inconsistent with the opinion of experts when such opinions are relevant. Illustrations- (a) The question is, whether A was poisoned by a certain poison. The fact that other persons who were poisonedKEEP READING

47. Opinions as to handwriting when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the person by whom document was written or signed, the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom it is supposed to be written or signed that itKEEP READING

47A. Opinion as to electronic signature when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the electronic signature of any person, the opinion of the Certifying Authority which has issued the electronic Signature Certificate is a relevant fact. Read Indian Evidence Act in a beautiful, systematic way.KEEP READING

48. Opinion as to existence of right or custom when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to existence of any general custom or right, the opinions as to the existence of such custom or rights, of persons who would be likely to know of its existenceKEEP READING

49. Opinion as to usages, tenants etc when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to – the usage’s and tenants of any body of men or family, the constitution and government of any religious or charitable foundation, or the meaning of words or terms used inKEEP READING

50. Opinion on relationship when relevant. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such relationship, or any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special meansKEEP READING

51. Grounds of opinion when relevant. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant.  Illustration– An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his opinion. Read Indian Evidence Act inKEEP READING

52. In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbably any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant. ReadKEEP READING