Right of Private Defence

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In a general sense, defence means to protect from something. The right of private defence under the Indian Penal Code is a defence which a person exercises to protect one’s or other’s body and property.

The defence is available as a shield to protect and not to commute offence in the name of defence. This right is available to a person only when he has no other option than protecting himself or herself. It is not an absolute right. It also has some restrictions and limitations.KEEP READING

PREAMBLE

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WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA,
having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all FRATERNITY…KEEP READING

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

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The Union and its Territory

Article 1 – Name and territory of the Union.
Article 2 – Admission or establishment of new States.
Article 2A – Sikkim to be associated with the Union.
Article 3 – Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing  States.
Article 4 – Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.KEEP READING

CITIZENSHIP

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Citizenship

Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
Article 9 – Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
Article 10 – Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
Article 11 – Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.KEEP READING

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

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Fundamental Rights

Article 12 – Definition.
Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Article 14 – Equality before law.
Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability.
Article 18 – Abolition of titles.
Article 19 – Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.KEEP READING

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

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Directive Principles of State Policy

Article 36 – Definition.
Article 37 – Application of the principles contained in this Part.
Article 38 – State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
Article 39 – Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
Article 39A – Equal justice and free legal aid.
Article 40 – Organisation of village panchayats.
Article 41 – Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.KEEP READING

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES 51A

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Fundamental Duties

51A. Fundamental duties.
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India-
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;KEEP READING

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Section 53 IPC. Punishment. The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are- First – Death; Secondly – Imprisonment for life; Thirdly [Omitted by Act 17 of 1949] Fourthly – Imprisonment, which is of two descriptions, namely- (1) Rigorous, that is, with hard labour; (2) Simple; Fifthly – ForfeitureKEEP READING

REPEALED PART VII

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Repealed

Article 238

The States in Part B of the First Schedule. Repealed by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. with effect from 1-11-1956.

Extra Read:
First of all lets understand that the article 238 of Indian Constitution was repealed in 1956 after the “part B” states were removed and were included as ‘states’ after the 7th Constitutional Amendment, 1956.KEEP READING

THE UNION TERRITORIES

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The Union Territories

Article 239 – Administration of Union territories.
Article 239A – Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
Article 239AA – Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
Article 239AB – Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
Article 239B – Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.KEEP READING

Protection of Minorities

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This law notes talks about Protection And Safeguard Of Minorities, Case Laws On Minorities Protection, Protection of Linguistic Minorities, and Sachar Committee Report.

The term minority simply refers to the class of people who are different from other sections of society in terms of language, script, religion, culture, and so on. They are less in number in the overall population; that is why there are referred to as minorities.KEEP READING