Law and society operate hand-in-hand. If society’s needs and opinions change, the law needs to change. Therefore, a provision for amending the Indian Constitution has been made to overcome the difficulties that may be encountered in the future in the Constitution’s workings.
The Constitution of India is neither flexible nor rigid — it is a mixture of both. According to Article 368 of Part XX, the Parliament can amend it, keeping in mind that the Constitution’s ‘basic structure’ does not change.
Several amendments have been made to it to date. This article covers the important parts of all the amendments made to the Indian Constitution from 1951 till today.
1. The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951
The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, was proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, on May 10, 1951. On June 18, 1951, the Indian Parliament passed it.
The 1st Amendment has amended Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342 and 376. It also inserted the 9th Schedule and two new Articles, i.e., Articles 31A and 31B, into the Indian Constitution. A book titled “Sixteen Stormy Days” was written by Tripurdaman Singh and is about the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951.
2. The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952
Article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution of India, which dealt with the representation of states in Parliament, was amended under the Second Amendment.
3. The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954
The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, passed in 1954, amended Entry 33 of the Concurrent List and expanded its scope. Parliament brought this amendment because the country’s food situation was difficult, and essential commodities were in short supply.
4. The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955
This amendment clarified the difference between clauses (1) and (2) of Article 31 and amended Article 31(2) of the Constitution of India.
According to the amended provision, the compensation was only payable in the event of compulsory acquisition. It also broadened the scope of Article 31A and included more statuses in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution. Further, it also amended Article 305 of the Indian Constitution.
5. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955
Under this amendment, Article 3 of the Constitution of India was amended. The amended Article provided a time limit within which the states had to express their views on the Bill. If they failed to express their views within the specified time, the Bill could be passed by the Parliament.
6. The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956
The 6th Amendment made changes in Seventh Schedule Entry 92 of List I and Entry 54 of List II of the Indian Constitution. It also added clause (3) to Article 286 of the Constitution of India, restricting the state’s power to tax important goods or commodities in inter-state trade.
7. The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956
The 7th Amendment has amended Articles 1, 80, 81, 82, 131, 170, 171, 216, 220, 224, 230, 232, 239, 240, 298, 371, the 1st Schedule and the 4th Schedule of the Constitution. Also, it inserted new Articles 285A, 290A, 350A, 350B, 372A and 378A.
8. The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1960
This amendment amended Article 334 of the Constitution of India and extended the reservation period of seats in the Legislatures for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Anglo-Indians from 10 years to 20 years.
9. The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960
The 9th Amendment redefined the boundary of the state of West Bengal and made necessary changes to the 1st Schedule. It gave Pakistan control of the Indian region of Berubari, which is located in West Bengal, in accordance with the Indo-Pakistan Agreement.
10. The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961
With retroactive effect, this amendment expanded the list of Union Territories in the 1st Schedule of the Indian Constitution to include two new territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
11. The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961
A new clause (4) was added to Article 71 of the Indian Constitution. The 11th Amendment made it explicit that no vacancy in the electoral college, as mentioned in Articles 54 and 55 of the Constitution, may be used to challenge the election of the President or the Vice President.
12. The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962
This amendment added the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory in the 1st Schedule.
13. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962
Article 371A was added to the Constitution of India through this amendment. Through this amendment, Nagaland acquired the status of a state, and Article 371A consists of special provisions for Nagaland.
14. The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962
This amendment added the territory of Pondicherry as a Union Territory in the 1st Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It also amended Article 240 and inserted a new Article, i.e., Article 239A, into the Constitution.
15. The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963
This amendment amended Article 217 of the Constitution of India and increased the retirement age of the High Court judge from 60 to 62. Articles 124, 128, 217 (3), 222, 299, 311 (2), 316, and the 7th Schedule were also amended under the 15th Amendment. This amendment also inserted a new Article, i.e., Article 224A, and a new clause (1A) into Article 226 of the Constitution of India.
16. The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963
The 16th Amendment has amended clauses (2), (3) and (4) of Article 19. It also amended Articles 84, 173 and the 3rd Schedule.
17. The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964
The scope of Article 31A of the Indian Constitution was broadened by the 17th Amendment. This amendment also added 44 new Acts to the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
18. The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 1966
The scope of Article 3 of the Indian Constitution was broadened by the 18th Amendment.
19. The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966
This amendment amended Article 324 of the Constitution, and the Election Commission could no longer appoint election tribunals to resolve election disputes between the members of Parliament and the State Legislature.
20. The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966
The 20th Amendment inserted a new Article 233A into the Constitution of India and validated district judges’ appointments, postings, promotions, transfers, and judgments.
21. The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967
The 21st Amendment amended the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution and recognised “Sindhi” as a constitutionally recognised language in India.
22. The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969
The 22nd Amendment inserted two new Articles to the Constitution of India, i.e., Articles 244A and 371B. It also added a new clause (1A) to Article 275(1) of the Constitution.
23. The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment) Act, 1969
This amendment amended Article 334 of the Indian Constitution and extended the reservation period for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for a further period of ten years, i.e. 1980.
24. The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971
This amendment reversed the judgment of Golaknath’s case. According to the 24th Amendment, the Parliament has the power to amend the Fundamental Rights of any part of the Constitution. Under Article 368, the Parliament can alter or amend any provision of the Constitution.
25. The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971
This amendment amended clause (2) of Article 31 and inserted a new clause (2A) into Article 31 of the Indian Constitution. It also inserted a new Article 31C into the Constitution of India.
26. The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971
The 26th Amendment omitted Articles 291 and 362 from the Indian Constitution. Further, a new Article, i.e. Article 363A, was added to the Indian Constitution.
27. The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971
This amendment amended Articles 239A and 240. And two new Articles, i.e. Article 239B and Article 371C, were inserted into the Indian Constitution.
28. The Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1972
A new Article, i.e. Article 312A, was inserted, and an existing Article, i.e. Article 314, was repealed by this amendment of the Indian Constitution.
29. The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972
The 29th Amendment has inserted two Kerala Land Reform Acts in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
30. The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972
The 30th Amendment of the Constitution amended Article 133 of the Indian Constitution. It changed the value criteria used to determine the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India cases involving civil litigation to one involving a significant legal matter.
31. The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973
The 31st Amendment amended Article 81(1) of the Indian Constitution and increased the strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545.
32. The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act,1973
The 32nd Amendment amended Article 371 and inserted two new Articles: Article 371D and Article 371E, into the Indian Constitution. It also amended the 7th Schedule.
33. The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974
The 33rd Amendment has amended Articles 101 and 190 of the Indian Constitution. The amendment outlined the process for state legislators to resign and the procedure for the house speaker to confirm and accept a resignation.
34. The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974
This amendment amended the 9th Schedule of the Constitution for the fourth time. It added 20 State Land Reforms Acts to the 9th Schedule.
35. The Constitution (Thirty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1974
This amendment added Article 2A to the Indian Constitution whereby ‘Sikkim’ got the status of an ‘Associate State’.
It also inserted the 10th Schedule to the Indian Constitution. Note: The 10th Schedule was inserted by the 35th Amendment Act and omitted by the 36th Amendment Act, and, then again inserted by the 52nd Amendment Act (Anti-deflection Law).
36. The Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1975
‘Sikkim’ became the full-fledged State of the Indian Union by this amendment. The 36th Amendment has amended the 1st Schedule of the Indian Constitution and included ‘Sikkim’ as the 22nd State of India. It also amended the 4th Schedule of the Constitution. A new Article 371F was also inserted into the Constitution of India through this amendment.
Further, Article 2A and the 10th Schedule, which was added to the Constitution by the 35th Amendment, were repealed.
37. The Constitution (Thirty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1975
The 37th Amendment has amended Articles 239A and 240 of the Indian Constitution. This amendment provided for the formation of a legislative assembly for Arunachal Pradesh.
38. The Constitution (Thirty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1975
This amendment has amended Articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360 of the Indian Constitution. This amendment expanded the President’s and the Governor’s authority to enact ordinances.
39. The Constitution (Thirty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1975
The 39th Amendment of the Constitution has added a new Article 329A to the Indian Constitution. It also added some Central and State Laws in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
40. The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976
The 40th Amendment has amended the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India. Consequently, 64 new Central and State Land Reforms Laws are in the Schedule.
41. The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976
This amendment amended the 5th Schedule of the Indian Constitution, and the retirement age of the Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commissions was increased from 60 to 62 years.
42. The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976
The 42nd Amendment Act is often regarded as the mini Constitution of India. It inserted two new Parts to the Constitution of India, i.e., Part IVA and Part XIVA.
- Part IV-A consists of one Article: Article 51A.
- Part XIV-A consists of two Articles: Articles 323A and 323B.
It added eleven Articles to the Indian Constitution- Articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A. It also substituted 36 Articles from the Constitution.
This amendment significantly changed the Indian Constitution’s Preamble by adding the words SOCIALIST, SECULAR, and INTEGRITY. It also amended Articles 31A and 39(f).
It further amended Articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 311, 312, 330, 332, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, and 359 of the Constitution. It also amended Article 74, which made the President bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers.
Some important changes were made to the judiciary by the forty-second amendment. It added six new Articles: Articles 32A, 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A and 228A. It also amended four Articles: Article 145, 225, 227 and 228 of the Constitution of India.
It also added two new clauses (4) and (5) to Article 368 of the Indian Constitution.
43. The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977
This amendment basically amended the 42nd Amendment Act. It omitted Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A of the Constitution of India. And, Articles 145, 226, 228 and 366 were amended.
44. The Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978
The 44th Amendment has amended Articles 22, 74, 83, 103, 118, 172, 192, and 371F of the Indian Constitution. And, the Articles 18, 19, 21, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 54, 59, 132(2), 217(2)(c), 329-A, 352, 356, 358, 359, and 360 of the Constitution were omitted. This amendment included specific new Articles to the Indian Constitution, i.e. Articles 300A, 361A, 134A and 139A.
Additionally, it amended Articles 123, 213, and 239B of the Indian Constitution by adding a clause (4). Articles 19(1)(f), 31 and 257A of the Constitution were repealed.
45. The Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1980
The 45th Amendment has amended Article 334 and extended the reservation period of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies from 30 to 40 years.
46. The Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982
This amendment has amended Articles 269, 286, 286(3), and 366 of the Constitution. It also inserted a new entry, 92B, in List I of the 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
47. The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984
The 47th Amendment has added 14 State Land Reform Acts in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
48. The Constitution (Forty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1984
The 48th Amendment has amended clause (5) of Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.
49. The Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984
The 49th Amendment has amended Article 244, the 5th Schedule and the 6th Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Tripura was recognised as a tribal state by the 49th Amendment.
50. The Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984
The 50th Amendment to the Constitution amended Article 33 of the Indian Constitution.
51. The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984
This amendment has amended Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution of India. It was also outlined that reservations for Scheduled Tribes should be made in Lok Sabha for Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh, as well as in the legislative assemblies of Meghalaya and Arunachal.
52. The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985
The 52nd Amendment Act has amended Articles 101, 102, 190, and 191 and added the 10th Schedule to the Constitution of India. The 10th Schedule is known as the Anti-Defection Law.
53. The Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986
The 53rd Amendment Act has inserted a new Article 371G and conferred the statehood to the Union Territory of Mizoram as the 23rd State of India.
54. The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1986
Part D of the 2nd Schedule of the Constitution of India was amended by the 54th Amendment. It has also amended Articles 125 and 221 of the Constitution. And, the salary of CJI and other judges was increased.
55. The Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986
The 55th Amendment Act has conferred statehood to the Union Territory of Arunachal as the 24th State of India. It added a new Article, i.e., Article 371H, to the Indian Constitution.
56. The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987
The 56th Amendment has added a new Article 371(I) to the Indian Constitution. It contains special provisions related to the State of Goa.
57. The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987
This amendment has amended Article 332 of the Indian Constitution and provided the provision for the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in the States of Arunachal, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
58. The Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987
The 58th Amendment has provided the people of India with an authoritative text of the Constitution in the Hindi version.
59. The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988
Though the 63rd Amendment of the Constitution was repealed, this amendment amended Articles 352, 356, 358 and 359.
60. The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988
The 60th Constitution of India amended clause (2) of Article 276.
61. The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988
Article 326 of the Constitution of India was amended under this amendment. And, consequently, the voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years in India.
62. The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1989
The 62nd amendment has amended Article 334 of the Indian Constitution and extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Central and State Legislative Assemblies from 40 years to 50 years.
63. The Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1989
The 63rd Amendment Act has repealed the provisions of the 59th Amendment Act.
64. The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990
This amendment has amended clauses (4) and (5) of Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.
65. The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990
Article 338 was amended under the 65th Amendment of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution (Sixty-Fifth Amendment) Act, 1990, established the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and set forth its statutory authority.
66. The Constitution (Sixty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1990
The 66th Amendment has amended the 9th Schedule and inserted 55 more Land Reform Acts of various States into it.
67. The Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1990
Clause (4) of Article 356 was amended under this Constitution, and the period for Presidential rule or State Emergency was increased for a further period of 6 months.
68. The Constitution (Sixty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1991
The amendment has again amended Article 356(4), and the Presidential rule was increased from the period of 4 years to 5 years.
69. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991
Two new Articles were added to the Constitution of India in the year 1991 through the 69th Amendment Act. Those Articles were Article 239AA and Article 239AB.
70. The Constitution (Seventieth Amendment) Act, 1992
This amendment has amended Article 54 of the Indian Constitution and stated that the word ‘state’ in this Article will also include the National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.
71. The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992
By the 71st Amendment, three more languages, i.e. Manipura, Nepali and Konkani, were recognised as official languages of India, and this was accomplished by amending the 8th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
72. The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992
This amendment added a new clause (3B) to Article 332 of the Constitution and increased the number of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Tripura’s Legislative Assembly.
73. The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992
This amendment inserted Part IX in the Constitution of India to deal with the Panchayati Raj System. The Part consists of sixteen new Articles and the 11th Schedule.
74. The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992
Part IXA, related to Municipalities, was added to the Indian Constitution by the 74th Amendment. The Part consists of eighteen new Articles and the 12th Schedule.
75. The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993
This amendment provided for the establishment of tribunals to regulate and manage tenancy issues. Subsequently, clause (h) was added to Article 323B of the Constitution of India.
76. The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994
The 9th Schedule of the Constitution was amended by the 76th Amendment Act, which raised the number of seats for backward classes in jobs and educational institutions.
77. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995
This amendment added clause (4A) in Article 16 of the Constitution for the reservations of SCs and STs in government jobs.
78. The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) Act, 1995
The 78th Amendment amended the 9th Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It added 27 Land Reform Acts in certain states in it.
79. The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 1999
The reservation of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies was increased from 50 to 60 years by amending Article 334 under the 79th Amendment Act.
80. The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000
The 80th Amendment has amended Articles 269 and 270 and omitted Article 272 of the Indian Constitution.
81. The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000
This amendment inserted clause (4B) into Article 16 of the Constitution and ended the 50% ceiling for reservation of SCs, STs, and other backward classes. Parliament made a carry-forward rule of backlog vacancies for SCs and STs in India through this amendment.
82. The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000
The 82nd Amendment has amended Article 335 of the Indian Constitution and allowed the relaxation in qualifying marks and standards of evaluation in job reservation and promotion of SCs and STs.
83. The Constitution (Eighty-third Amendment) Act, 2000
By the 83rd Amendment, Article 243M of the Constitution of India was amended. It also added a new clause (3A), which exempted Arunachal Pradesh from the application of Article 243D of the Constitution.
84. The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001
Certain Articles of the Indian Constitution were amended under the 84th Amendment. These Articles are 55, 81, 82, 170, 330, and 332.
85. The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001
This amendment amended clause (4A) of Article 16 of the Constitution.
86. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
By the 86th Amendment, a new Article was added to the Indian Constitution. The newly added Article 21A provided the right to education for children aged 6 to 14 years. It also inserted a new Fundamental Duty into Part IV-A of the Constitution of India.
87. The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003
The 87th Amendment has amended Articles 81(3)(ii), 170(2), 170(3)(ii) and 230 of the Constitution of India.
88. The Constitution (Eighty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2003
This amendment added a new Article 268A and amended Article 270 of the Constitution of India. Through this amendment, the Union of India can levy service tax. Also, a new entry was inserted into the 7th Schedule through the 88th Amendment, i.e., entry 92C related to tax on service.
89. The Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003
It amended Article 338 and inserted Article 338A into the Constitution. The Amendment provided for the separate establishment of National Commissions for the SCs and STs. It means a separate Commission for SCs and a separate Commission for STs.
90. The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003
This amendment has amended a new clause (6) to Article 332 of the Indian Constitution.
91. The Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act, 2003
Two new clauses were inserted into Articles 75 and 164 by the 91st Amendment to the Constitution, i.e., clause (1A) and clause (1B). It omitted the 3rd paragraph of the 10th Schedule and added a new Article 361B in Part XIX of the Indian Constitution.
92. The Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003
By the 71st Amendment, four new languages, i.e. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali, were recognised as official languages of India, accomplished by amending the 8th Schedule of the Constitution of India.
93. The Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act, 2005
Clause (5) was added to Article 15 of the Constitution by this amendment. Article 15 was amended to facilitate the establishment of a reservation (27%) for members of the Other Backward Class (OBC) in both public and private educational institutions.
94. The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006
This amendment has amended Article 164(1) and substituted the word ‘Bihar’ with the words ‘Chattisgarh and Jharkhand’.
95. The Constitution (Ninety-fifth Amendment) Act, 2009
The reservation of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies was increased from 60 to 70 years by amending Article 334 under the 95th Amendment Act.
96. The Constitution (Ninety-sixth Amendment) Act, 2011
This amendment has amended the 8th Schedule of the Constitution and substituted the word ‘Oriya’ with ‘Odiya’.
97. The Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011
It inserted Article 43B as a Directive Principle of State Policy. It amended Article 19(1)(c) and also added Part IX-B with 13 Articles in it. The amendment gave constitutional status to cooperative societies.
98. The Constitution (Ninety-eighth Amendment) Act, 2012
The 98th Amendment Act has added a new Article 371J to the Constitution of India.
99. The Constitution (Ninety-ninth Amendment) Act, 2014
It amended Articles 124(2), 127(1), 128, 217(1), 222(1), 224, 224A and 231. It also inserted Articles 124A, 124B and 124C into the Indian Constitution. Further, it omitted Article 231(2)(a) of the Constitution.
100. The Constitution (One-Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015
The 100th Amendment Act amended the 1st Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Consequently, Bangladesh has acquired certain territories of India.
101. The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016
The 101st Amendment Act added Articles 246A, 269A, 270(1A), 270(1B) and 279A to the Indian Constitution. GST was imposed in India by this amendment. It further omitted Articles 268A and 286(3) of the Constitution.
It also amended Articles 248(1), 249(1), 250(1), 268(1), 269(1), 270(1), 271, 286(2) and 368(2) of the Indian Constitution. This amendment also amended the 8th Schedule and the 7th Schedule of the Constitution.
102. The Constitution (One Hundred and Second Amendment) Act, 2018
The 102nd Amendment Act has amended Article 366 and added Articles 338B and 342A to the Constitution of India. The National Commission for Backward Classes acquired constitutional status through this amendment.
103. The Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019
The 103rd Amendment Act added clause 6 in Articles 15 and 16, respectively. To the economically weaker sections (EWS) who are not already a reserved category under the SC, ST, and socially and economically backward classes, the amendment offers a 10% reservation in government jobs and colleges.
104. The Constitution (One Hundred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019
The 104th Amendment has extended the period of reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies from 70 to 80 years, thus keeping it intact for the next 10 years.
However, this amendment did not extend (and thus removed) the Indian President’s power to nominate 2 members of the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
Read Article 334 to understand more.
105. The Constitution (One Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021
Article 342A of the Constitution is amended by the 105th Constitutional Amendment Act. It restored the President’s power to designate the socially and educationally disadvantaged classes in the Centre List of the Central Government.
106. The Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023
The 106th Indian Constitutional Amendment Act’s motto is to allocate 33 per cent of seats in the directly elected Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women. It received the assent of the President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu, on 28 September 2023.
The provisions of this new amendment will come into effect when the central government notifies about it.
You can read the full and official 106th Amendment Act PDF here.
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